Precisely how old Ayurveda is has been the subject of conjecture. The development of Ayurveda – or of any science – is a part of human evolution, involving the unfolding of curiosity and the increasing sophistication of human intelligence, synthesis, and observation. One cannot put a numerical age on Ayurveda since it began to evolve long before writing existed.

When Ayurveda is dated, it is on the basis of writings 3,000 to 5,000 years old although it undoubtedly far predates those writings. Attempts at dating Ayurveda have proven both inaccurate and misleading, particularly so because India’s ancient wisdom comprised an oral tradition, and there was much resistance by its scholars and seers to the reducing of such wisdom to writing, which they felt to be an ignoble end and an unsophisticated means for its retention in pure form.

Among the objects of their most intensive study and interest were issues of practical application: agriculture, animal husbandry, astronomy and the human body and mind - specifically, the means for maintaining their good working order and the means for their cure when either fell victim to disease or injury. The sum of the knowledge gained from their millennia-spanning study is known in Sanskrit as “Ayurveda” or in English, the “science of life.”

In India and throughout south Asia, Ayurvedic medicine is taught in universities and medical colleges on an equal footing with western medicine, and qualifications for the practice of both disciplines are virtually identical. Governmental, academic and commercial support is devoted to research in specific areas of Ayurvedic medicine and the development of new forms of therapy.

Ayurveda’s most distinctive features are its reliance of primarily natural remedies to treat and natural means to avoid disease, its extremely sophisticated system of diagnosis, and its categorization of patients into distinctive anatomic and metabolic “types.”

Ayurveda describes the existence of three fundamental types of human metabolisms, known as “dosas” (pronounced, and sometimes spelled ‘doshas’) and somewhat like the western medical concepts of endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectomorphic body types. These are known as the Tridosa, or “three categories,” and include the Kapha, Pitta and Vata. Regimens for maintaining health and for its restoration vary from one type to the next. Each of the dosas is said to be represented by one or more of the four elements of the classical world: fire, earth, air or water.

Kapha types tend to be short, squat and more or less rotund, like endomorphs. They are prone to put on and retain weight, love to eat and despise exercise or any form of physical activity. Their elements are water and earth, and the health challenges they are likely to face involve an overconcentration of body fluids and hyperdensity of bodily tissues. Notwithstanding the fact that they tend to be sedentary, activity-avoiding overeaters, they are stable, long-lived and solid. Kindly, generous and warm-hearted (and sometimes a bit egotistical) the beloved Hindu elephant-headed diety, Lord Ganesh, might be seen by some to be emblematic of the Kapha persona.

Pittas, represented by the element fire, are energetic balls of fire for whom physical activity is both a pleasure as well as one of life’s necessities. Being mesomorphs, having the character of fire, and exhibiting fire’s dehydrating properties, they tend to have smaller amounts of fluid in their constitutions than than is optimal. Treatment of health challenges faced by Pittas may involve modifying their metabolic fire and employing moisturizing therapies. Psychologically, Pittas tend to be the "doers and shakers" of the world.

Vatas, whose element is air, are - like air – light, vaporous, fast-moving and quick-changing. They may experience changes in their physical or emotional states very rapidly, changing direction in a manner not unlike air currents. Like fire, air has a dehydrating property, and health issues that are seen in vata individuals often betoken the need for increased internal and external moisture, a regular schedule of work, play and rest, and avoidance of extreme cold. They may suffer from health problems involving the loss of density of bodily tissues, such as (in later life) osteoporosis. They tend to be tall and thin-boned with small amounts of musculature: in other words, somewhat ectomorphic. Their senses (smell, sight, hearing and so on) tend to be extraordinarily sharp.

Few individuals represent one type, or dosa, exclusively: most individuals are a combination of two or even all three types, with one type often predominant.

Ayurveda was brought to the North American continent with the wave of Indian immigration in the 1960’s and 1970’s, to whom its practice was largely confined until the mid 1980’s when the attention of the larger community was caught by the writings of Boston endocrinologist and Ayurvedic practitioner, Dr. Deepak Chopra. Today Ayurveda is increasingly one of the more widely known forms of traditional healing. Critical to its success has been the fact that Ayurvedic medicine has earned respect as a scientifically legitimate medical system around the world, and has been called by the UN's World Health Organization "an invaluable part of humankind's medical heritage and an important tool in the service and promotion of global health."