In clothing and fashion design, a button is small disc- or knob-shaped, typically round, object usually
attached to an article of clothing in order to secure an opening, or for ornamentation. Functional
Pinback buttons work by slipping the button through a fabric or thread loop, or by sliding the button
through a slit called a buttonhole. Buttons may be manufactured from an extremely broad variety of
materials, including natural materials such as antler, bone, horn, ivory, shell, vegetable ivory, and wood;
or synthetics such as celluloid, glass, metal, and plastic.
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Hard plastic is by far the most common material for newly manufactured
buttons; the other materials tend to occur only in premium apparel.
History
Buttons and button-like objects used as ornaments rather than
fasteners have been discovered in the ancient Indus Valley during its Kot
Diji phase (circa 2800-2600 BC) and Bronze Age sites in China (circa
2000-1500 BC), and are attested in Ancient Rome. Functional buttons
for clothing became widespread with the rise of snug-fitting clothing in
13th- and 14th-century Europe.
Types of buttons
• Shank buttons have a small ring or a bar with a hole called the
shank protruding from the back of the button, through which thread is
sewn to attach the button.
• Covered buttons are fabric-covered forms with a separate back
piece that secures the fabric over the knob.
• Flat or sew-through buttons have two or four holes punched
through the button through which the thread is sewn to attach the
button. Flat buttons may be attached by sewing machine rather than by
hand, and may be used with heavy fabrics by working a thread shank to
extend the height of the button above the fabric.
• Worked or cloth buttons are created by embroidering or
crocheting tight stitches (usually with linen thread) over a knob or ring
called a form.
• Mandarin buttons are knobs made of intricately knotted strings.
Mandarin buttons are a key element in Mandarin dress (Qi Pao in
Chinese), where they are closed with loops. Pairs of mandarin buttons
worn as cuff links are called silk knots.
Button sizes
Buttons are commonly measured in lignes (also called lines and
abbreviated L), with 40 lignes equal to 1 inch. For example, some
standard sizes of buttons are 18L (11.43 mm, standard button of mens'
shirts) and 32L (20.32 mm, typical button on suit jackets).
Buttonholes
Main article: buttonhole
Functional buttons (as opposed to decorative buttons) are normally
paired with a buttonhole. Alternately, a decorative loop of cloth or rope
may replace the buttonhole. Buttonholes may be either made by hand
sewing or automated by a sewing machine.
Buttonholes often have a bar at either end. This is a row of perpendicular
hand or machine stitching to reinforce the ends of a buttonhole.
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